Background and Aim: traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant concern, often referred to as a "silent pandemic" due to its high prevalence and limited public awareness. This study explores TBIs in soccer, focusing on incidence, contact mechanisms, player positions, and the impact of injuries. Methods and Materials/Patients: The authors went through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The publications from the last two decades were considered. This review evaluates various leagues, including the German Bundesliga, American Soccer League, and the English Premier League (EPL), to analyze TBI occurrences and associated symptoms. Results:   Concussions were the most common type of TBIs in soccer players. Head-to-head contact mechanism with an aerial challenge during play frequently causes a concussion. Defensive and midfield players were suffering from TBIs more because they are defined to perform more "distance headers". Dizziness and headache were the frequent symptoms seen in soccer players. Medical staff is suggested to make a precise and timely diagnosis of probable injury, with educating the members by the latest guidelines.   Conclusion: Early injury diagnosis is crucial, and everyone involved, including officials, coaches, players, and medical personnel, must be aware of this issue. More research is necessary to develop preventive measures and management strategies prioritizing player safety.

Background: Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the types of epilepsy, which is a complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs after TBI or 7 days later. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the risk factors for PTE in patients with TBI. Methods: The computed tomography (CT)-scan results of all TBI patients were investigated in this retrospective study. At first, initial evaluation, including the examination of airways, vital signs, and breathing, was performed, and the level of consciousness was checked according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for all traumatic patients. Then, the results of all CT scans were evaluated by a neurologist. If the patient had PTE, she/he was included in the study. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics in SPSS software (version 16). Results: The results showed that mild, moderate, and severe GCS scores were reported in 8 (14.3%), 30 (52.5%), and 18 (32.2%) participants, respectively. Vehicle accidents were the main cause of TBI (n = 34, 60%), and the lowest TBI rate was due to other cases (n = 4, 7.2%). The most and least frequent CT-scan finding was epidural hemorrhage (EH) (n = 24, 42.3%) and midline shift and intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 6, 10.8%), respectively. A total of 24 patients (42.3%) had tonic epilepsy, and 10 patients (17.9%) had epilepsy duration of more than 10 minutes. Conclusions: The most frequent risk factors included vehicles, falling from a height, and strikes, respectively. Additionally, the most common CT scan findings included EH and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SH). Motor vehicle accidents account for the highest rate of TBI-related PTE. For this reason, it is necessary to take preventive measures in this regard.

Background: traumatic brain injury , (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young adults. The Extended Glasgow Outcome Score , (GOSE) has been introduced to assess the global outcome after brain injuries. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors associated with GOSE. Materials and Methods: This was a multicenter cross‑, sectional study conducted on 144 , patients with TBI admitted at trauma emergency centers. The patients’,information, including demographic characteristics, duration of hospital stay, mechanical ventilation and on‑, admission laboratory measurements, and on‑, admission vital signs, were evaluated. The patients’,TBI‑, related symptoms and brain computed tomography , (CT) scan findings were recorded. Results: GOSE assessments showed an increasing trend by the comparison of on‑, discharge , (7. 47 , ±,  , 1. 30), within a month , (7. 51 , ±,  , 1. 30) and within 3 , months , (7. 58 , ±,  , 1. 21) evaluations , (P , < , 0. 001). On‑, discharge GOSE was positively correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale , (GCS)(r , = , 0. 729, P , < , 0. 001), motor GCS , (r , = , 0. 812, P , < , 0. 001), Hb , (r , = , 0. 165, P , = , 0. 048), and pH , (r , = , 0. 165, P , = , 0. 048) and inversely with age , (r = −, 0. 261, P , = , 0. 002), hospitalization period , (r = −, 0. 678, P , < , 0. 001), pulse rate , (r = −, 0. 256, P , = , 0. 002), white blood cell , (WBC) (r = −, 0. 222, P , = , 0. 008), and triglyceride , (r = −, 0. 218, P , = , 0. 009). In multiple linear regression analysis, the associations were significant only for GCS , (B , = , 0. 102, 95% confidence interval , [CI]: 0–, 0. 202,P , = , 0. 05), hospitalization stay duration , (B = −, 0. 004, 95% CI: −, 0. 005–, −, 0. 003, P , = , 0. 001), and WBC , (B , = , 0. 00001, 95% CI: 0. 00000014–, 0. 000025,P , = , 0. 024). Among imaging signs and trauma‑, related symptoms in univariate analysis, intracranial hemorrhage , (ICH), interventricular hemorrhage , (IVH) , (P , = , 0. 006), subarachnoid hemorrhage , (SAH) , (P , = , 0. 06,marginally at P , < , 0. 1), subdural hemorrhage , (SDH) , (P , = , 0. 032), and epidural hemorrhage , (EDH) , (P , = , 0. 037) was significantly associated with GOSE at discharge in multivariable analysis. Conclusion: According to the current study findings, GCS, hospitalization stay duration, WBC and among imaging signs and trauma‑, related symptoms ICH, IVH, SAH, SDH, and EDH are independent significant predictors of GOSE at discharge in TBI patients.

Objective(s): traumatic brain injuries are one of the most important causes of deaths and disabilities worldwide. This study was an epidemiological investigation of traumatic brain injuries in northeastern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was included all patients who referred to the emergency department of a referral hospital following traumatic brain injuries during a one-year period (September 2020 to September 2021) in Quchan, Iran. The data collection tools included a demographic information questionnaire, a self-designed checklist, patients’,records, radiology results, and brain CT scans of the patients. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: There were 757 patients (70. 7% males) with an average age of (30. 91 ±,18. 88) years. The most common causes of traumatic brain injuries were traffic accidents (50. 2%), fights (17. 2%), and falls from a height (14. 5%). The most common abnormal finding in brain CT scan was epidural hematoma (25%), the most common trauma was organ trauma (33. 56%), and the most common clinical manifestation was headache (44. 3%). All causes of traumatic brain injuries, except for falling the stairs, were reported more in men than in women. The incidence rate of traumatic brain injuries was calculated to be 7. 4 cases per 1000 people per year. Conclusions: The findings suggest the importance of preventing traffic accidents, fights, and falls from a height. This requires the revision and modification of macro-level managerial models of prevention services.

Abstract Introduction: traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are one of the most important causes of death in patients under the age of 25 years and is responsible for one third of total deaths caused by trauma. Therefore, knowing its epidemi-ologic pattern in different populations seems vital. Therefore, this study aims to examine the epidemiologic pattern of TBI in emergency department. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the profiles of 1000 patients affected by TBI were selected using simple random sampling. The examined variables in this study included demographic, sea-son, mechanism of injury, accompanying injuries, level of consciousness, hospitalization duration, computed to-mography (CT) scan results, needing surgery, admission to intensive care unit, and outcome of the patient. In the end, independent risk factors for the death of patients were determined. Results: 1000 patients suffering from were studied (81.8% male; mean age 38.5±21.7 years). The frequency of their referral to hospital in spring (31.4%) was more (p<0.01). 45.9% of the patients had a level of consciousness less than 9 based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Subdural (45.9%) and epidural bleeding (23.7%) were the most common findings in CT scans in this study (p<0.001). Finally, 233 (23.3%) of the patients were dead. Over 60 years of age, falling and motorcycle accidents, intracranial hemorrhage accompanied by brain contusion, subdural bleeding, a GCS of less than 9, and the need to be admitted to intensive care unit were independent risk factors of death in TBI. Conclusion: Age Over 60 years, falling and motorcycle accidents, intracranial hemorrhage accompanied by brain contusion, subdural bleeding, a GCS of less than 9, and need to be admitted to intensive care unit were independent risk factors for the death in TBI patients.

Introduction: Numerous geometrically simplified models may be found in the literature on simulation of the traumatic brain injuries due to the increased intracranial pressure induced by severe translational accelerations of the brain inside the cranium following the impact waves. While numerous researchers have utilized viscoelastic models, some have employed specific hyperelastic models for behavior analysis of the brain tissue. No research has been presented so far based on the more realistic visco‑ hyperelastic model. Materials and Methods: In the present research, a realistic finite element model and four visco‑ hyperelastic constitutive models (viscoelastic models on the basis of the polynomial, Yeoh, Arruda‑ Boyce, and Ogden hyperelastic models) are employed to accomplish the outlined task. Therefore, the main motivation of the present research is checking the accuracy of the modeling procedure rather than presenting clinical results. In this regard, a realistic skull‑ brain model is constructed in CATIA computer code based on the magnetic resonance imaging scans and optimized in the HYPERMESH finite element software. Results: Influence of the contact and nonlinear characteristics of the brain tissue are considered in the simulation of the relative motions in LS‑ DYNA software to predict time histories of the acceleration and the coup and countercoup pressures by means of ANSYS finite element analysis software. Discussion: Comparing results of the four proposed visco‑ hyperelastic constitutive models with the available experimental reveals that employing Arruda– Boyce or Ogden‑ type viscoelastic models may lead to inaccurate or even erroneous results.